Abstracts - Year VII, no.2 / 2005

INTERNATIONAL EMIGRATION NETWORKS OF THE NEAMŢ DEPRESSION POPULATION - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENTS

Alexandru UNGUREANU

Universitatea „Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi,Facultatea de Geografie şi Geologie, Departamentul de Geografie, B-dul Carol I, Nr. 20A, 700505, Iaşi, România, e-mail: aungurea@gemma.geo.uaic.ro

Radu-Ionuţ DIMITRIU

Universitatea „Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi, Facultatea de Geografie şi Geologie, Departamentul de Geografie, B-dul Carol I, Nr. 20A, 700505, Iaşi, România, e-mail: dimitriuradu@yahoo.com

Reţele de emigraţie internaţionale ale populaţiei din Depresiunea Neamţului – evaluări cantitative şi calitative. Renunţarea la sistemul politic comunist a determinat schimbări importante, apariţia şi dispariţia anumitor fenomene şi procese economice şi sociale. Această categorie cuprinde, de asemenea, migraţii internaţionale determinate de cauze de ordin economic, orientate în mod special spre Europa de Vest. Dar, datorită unor cauze mai mult sau mai puţin obiective, atât analiza cantitativă cât şi cea calitativă este deficitară. Pornind de la această afirmaţie, studiul de faţă îşi propune să clarifice această realitate de ordin social, prin analiza unităţii de referinţă a populaţiei din Depresiunea Neamţ.

Cuvinte cheie : migraţii, Depresiunea Neamţului, reţea de emigraţie

Keywords : migrations, Neamţ Depression, migration networks

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EUROPEAN STANDARD OF THE NATIONAL MINORITIES RIGHTS AND SITUATION OF THE ROMA MINORITY IN SLOVAKIA

Viera KOGANOV Á

Economic University in Bratislava,Faculty of International Relations, Department of Political Science, Dolnozemská cesta 1, 852 35 Bratislava, Slovakia; e-mail: koganova@euba.sk

As a result of the collapse of the communist regimes in the Central and Eastern Europe, observation of the rights of the national minorities not only has become a central issue of the political process in the countries of the region, but also has significantly affected the general development of international political situation in the end of the 20 th century. Many countries of the Central and Eastern Europe in order to prevent the open conflicts have decided to amend laws and regulations dealing with status and protection of the national minorities populating their territories. The beginning of the 1990 th has signified a change in the activities of the international institutions dealing with the status of the national minorities – mainly United Nations Organization (UN), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Council of Europe (CE), and European Union (EU). It turned out that the internationally adopted regulations on the status of the national minorities are totally inappropriate when confronted with the political reality in the Central and Eastern Europe. As the result, the issue of protection of national minorities moved from the periphery to the center of attention of the named international organizations.

Cuvinte cheie : dreptul minorităţilor, minoritatea rromă, Slovacia

Keywords : minorities right, roma minority, Slovakia

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ASPECTE GEOPOLITICE ALE PREZENŢEI EVREILOR PE TERITORIUL PRINCIPATELOR ROMÂNE, ÎN EVUL MEDIU

Silviu COSTACHIE

Universitatea din Bucureşti, Facultatea de Geografie, Catedra de Geografie Umană şi Economică, B-dul N.Bălcescu nr.1, etaj 3, sector 1, 010041, Bucureşti, România, e-mail: Silviu_C@yahoo.com

Geopolitical Aspects Regarding the Presence of the Jews on Romanian Territory, during the Middle Age is probably one of the few scientific articles about the geopolitical role of the Jewish ethny existing on Romanian territory during the last centuries. Being a delicate problem, only few historians dared to approach this topic. The author is the only geographer that managed to show us some geopolitical aspects regarding the imense role of this ethny in the political, economical and social life of Romanian people during Middle Age. Based on various sorces of information, and expressing all the facts from a geographical point of view, the author offers us an analitic study of the geopolitical role of Jews settled on Romanian territory between XIV th and XVIII th centuries. Interesting facts are revealed regarding the acces way of the Romanian voivodes at the throne and the help received from Jews.

Keywords : Jews, geopolitics, intermediary, commerce, Otoman Empire

Cuvinte cheie : evrei, geopolitici, intermediar, comerţ, Imperiul Otoman

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MICROGRUPURI ETNICE DIN SPAŢIUL EST ŞI SUD-EST EUROPEAN

Robert DOBRESCU

Institutul de Geografie al academiei Române, D. Racoviţă, 12, sect. II, Bucureşti, România

Ethnic Microgroups of the Eastern and South-Eastern European Area. The issue of ethnicities of the central-eastern and south-eastern European area has constantly been in the spotlight of the European researchers and politicians for almost 180 years. Some groups enjoyed a greater attention (the Jews, the Armenians and even Aromanians) be it to their dimensions or different types of interests while some others are almost unknown. In this study we try to catch a glimpse of some ethnic microgroups of this European area, trying to recall new elements related to these subjects.

Keywords: minority, ethnic microgroups, East, South-East Europe

Cuvinte cheie : minoritate, microgrup etnic, est, sud-estul Europei

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RECREATING “HOME”: ROMANIAN IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Sorina VOICULESCU

West University of Timişoara, Department of Geography, 4 V. Pârvan St. 300223, Timişoara, Romania, e-mail: vsorina @cbg.uvt.ro

En récréant le "chez soi". Les imigrants roumains dans les Etats Unis de l'Amérique . La diaspora roumaine des États Unies est signifiante en ce qui concerne le phénomène d'assimilation et de ré-création du concept “chez-soi”. Ayant une histoire qui dépasse 150 ans, les roumains habitent dans la majorité des métropoles américaines et les communautés roumaines sont groupées autour des églises. Le processus d'assimiliation est complète dans le cadre de la deuxième génération et il est facilité par les connaissances solides de langue anglaise, de l'adoptation des valeurs culturelles et morales américaines. Pour la prémière génération le concept “chez-soi” représente un concept sensible et incert. L'immigrant s'identifie souvent dans une grande mesure avec le lieu de l'histoire d'où il fait part, avec le lieu de son enfance et de sa prémière jeunesse de laquelle sa mémoire affective est liée.

Mots-clé : imigrants roumains, communités, assimilation, maison, logis

Keywords : Romanian imigrants, communities, assimilation, home, dwelling places

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GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF RELIGION AND RELIGIOSITY IN CZECHIA

Tadeusz SIWEK

University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Czech Republic, e-mail tadeusz.siwek @ osu.cz

Religion has not become a part of the national life in Czechia due specific history. Medieval Hussite movement prepared massive adoption of Reformation during 16 th century. Brutal changes of Roman-Catholic Church caused by the Habsburgs after failed anti-Habsburg uprising was the main reason of small popularity of this church among the Czechs. After establishing the independent Czechoslovakia 1918 many Czechs converted to non-catholic churches (Protestant, Orthodox and new established National Czechoslovak Hussite Church). Many of them opposed not only Catholicism but also religion itself. The number of non-religious people increased slightly in 1950 but remained statistically insignificant. Results of this census were not published and questions about religion were completely abolished next time. That is why we have no information about the situation until 1991 when census included religion again. First census after the fall of communism was done in 1991. 4,1 millions Czechs of 10,3 millions inhabitants of the Czech Republic declared themselves as non-religious and 1,7 millions of them did not answer this question. Number non-religious people increased in 2001 to 6,0 millions. Though it was to state religion not obligatory in 2001, number of those who decided not to declare their religion decreased to 0,9 millions. Geographical distribution of believers of the main churches and non-denominational people in the Czech Republic is presented in this paper. Keywords: Religion, non-religiosity, spatial distribution, Czechia

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THE DYNAMICS OF THE MAIN RELIGIOUS CONFESSIONS IN TRANSYLVANIA (1930-2002)

Dragoş BAROIU

Institutul de Geografie al Academiei Române, D. Racoviţă, 12, sect.II, 023993, Bucureşti, România Ioan MĂRCULEŢ Colegiul Tehnic „Miron Nicolescu”, B-dul Metalurgiei, 89, sect.IV, 041832, Bucureşti, România Cătălina MĂRCULEŢ Colegiul Tehnic „Miron Nicolescu”, B-dul Metalurgiei, 89, sect.IV, 041832, Bucureşti, România

La dynamique des principales confessions religieuses en Transylvanie (1930-2002). De toutes les provinces historiques de la Roumanie, la Transylvanie c'est la plus intéressante, étant située à la confluence de deux rites religieux majeurs dans l'Europe: l'Orthodoxie dans l'est et le Catholicisme dans l'ouest. L'analyse des deux confessions importantes dans cette province suivit la dynamique et la distribution spatiale des groups ethniques parce que chaque communauté culturelle a sa propre croyance qui se réfléchit très bien dans le territoire. En 1930, les religions principales étaient les cultes orthodoxes, grec catholiques, protestant reformé (le Calvinisme, l'Evangélisme-Luthéranisme et l'Unitarisme) et le Judaïsme et jusqu'au XXI siècle ils ont subi quelques changements, qui dans notre opinion sont irréversibles. A travers les années 1930-2002, la population orthodoxe a doublé et a atteint 70% de toute la population de la Transylvanie (5,052,951 personnes), cette situation est due, parmi autres choses, au fait que les grecs catholiques ont été forcés par le régime communiste à passer à l'Orthodoxie. En 1930 la plupart de la population roumaine de la province a adopté la foi grec catholique qui se situe sur la deuxième place dans la structure confessionnelle avec 1,385,445 croyants (24.9%). En 2002 ils étaient représentés par 92,367 personnes, soit 2.1% de la population totale. Le nombre des croyants romano catholiques (967,351 en 1930 et 734,748 en 2002) a diminué à 212,603, soit 17% en 2002. La population reformée (Calviniste) a augmenté légèrement de 696,320 en 1930 à 725,422 en 1992, soit 9.6% de la population en 2002. Les évangélistes (Luthériens) tiennent la 5e place selon le nombre des adhérents; ils ont été représentés par les saxons de la Transylvanie. Pendant 1992-2002 leur nombre a diminué à 0.3%. En 1930 les Juifs se situent à 3.4% de toute la population transylvaine, ce pourcentage diminuant à moins de 0.1% en 2002. En 1930 les unitariens s'élevaient à 1.2% des habitants de la province avec une plus grande proportion dans les départements central et de l'est peuplés par les secui, cette situation se maintenant presque constante en 2002. La population des pentecôtistes était négligeable en 1930, mais leur nombre a continué à augmenter considérablement dans les dernières décennies du XXe siècle avec 97,576 adeptes (peu au-dessus de 3%). Tout comme dans le cas des groups ethniques les changements survenus après 1950 ont simplifié le modèle confessionnel avec les orthodoxes et les neo-protestants dominant la scène. Il y a eu une diminution numérique subite des grecs catholiques, évangélistes et des juifs.

Mots-clé : population, confessions religieuses, la Transylvanie

Keywords : population, religious confessions, Transylvania

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PARTICULARITĂŢI ETNICE ŞI CONFESIONALE ALE POPULAŢIEI RURALE DIN CÂMPIA CRIŞURILOR ÎN PERIOADA 1930-2002

Marcu STAŞAC

Universitatea din Oradea, Departamentul de Geografie, Turism şi Amenajarea Teritoriului, Str. Universităţii, nr. 1, 410087, Oradea, România, Tel./Fax: 00.40.259.408475, e-mail: marcu_stasac@yahoo.com

Ethnic and Confessional Peculiarities of the Rural Population of the Crisurilor Plain during 1930-2002. The rural area of Campia Crisurilor can be considered as one of ethnic interference, of course on a background of domination of the Romanian autochthonous population. Compared to the interwar years, when besides the majority Romanian population (69.5%) at the 1930 census), other ethnicities convened in good relationships, among whom in majority were the Hungarians (24.1%), followed by the Germans (Schwabs) with 3.3%, then Rroma, Slovaks, Jews, etc., in the actual period, on the ground of reducing the number of inhabitants their shares have decreased too. The confessional structure appears as more heterogeneous at the level of the rural population of Campia Crisurilor, compared to the ethnic structure, as a result of important interferences ands religious changes that have taken place on this territory. Thus to the Orthodox and Greek-Catholic religion, specific to the Romanian autochthonous population, other religions were added, adopted by the colonizing peoples: Roman-Catholic, Reformed, Evangelic, to which there were added, especially in the post-war period a series of neo-protestant cults: baptists, penticostals, adventists, etc., the share of which has increased significantly in the last decade and a half.

Keywords: rural population, rural area, ethnic structure, confessional structure

Cuvinte cheie: populaţie rurală, spaţiu rural, structura etnică, structura confesională